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Hiera Eyaml

Hiera-eyaml is a Hiera backend which can be used to encrypt single keys in Hiera .yaml files.

It has become de facto standard to manage passwords, secrets and confidential data in Puppet.

It's now included by default in Hiera 5, (shipped with Puppet version > 4.9), in earlier versions in can be installed as a gem:

gem install hiera-eyaml

On the Puppet Server we need to do that also in Puppet environment:

puppetserver gem install hiera-eyaml

To configure it we need to specify the backend in hiera.yaml and the location of the keys used to encrypt the data. Syntax for Hiera < 5 is something like:

---
:backends:
  - eyaml

:eyaml:
  :datadir: "/etc/puppetlabs/code/environments/%{environment}/hieradata"
  :pkcs7_private_key: /etc/puppetlabs/puppet/keys/private_key.pkcs7.pem
  :pkcs7_public_key:  /etc/puppetlabs/puppet/keys/public_key.pkcs7.pem
  :extension: 'yaml'

Syntax for Hiera version 5 is like:

---
version: 5
defaults:
  datadir: hieradata
  data_hash: yaml_data
hierarchy:
  - name: "Eyaml hierarchy"
    lookup_key: eyaml_lookup_key # eyaml backend
    paths:
      - "nodes/%{trusted.certname}.yaml"
      - "common.yaml"
    options:
        pkcs7_private_key: "/etc/puppetlabs/puppet/keys/private_key.pkcs7.pem"
        pkcs7_public_key: "/etc/puppetlabs/puppet/keys/public_key.pkcs7.pem"

The gem provides the eyaml command, which can be used to perform any Hiera eyaml related operation.

Before starting to encrypt data a pair of public and private keys has to be created:

eyaml createkeys

This creates in the keys directory (relative to the current working directory) the private_key.pkcs7.pem and public_key.pkcs7.pem files. The first one should never be shared and must be managed in a safe way, for this reason the keys (at least the private one) should not be added to the control-repo Git repository and must be readable by the user running the Puppet Server (/etc/puppetlabs/puppet/keys is a sane path, but could be anything).

Both of these files must be placed wherever Hiera files are evaluated: that means basically all the Puppet Servers but also, eventually, on developers workstations, if Puppet code is tested locally via Vagrant.

To avoid the need to share private keys to all developers, we recommend, anyway, to avoid to encrypt data in Hiera files used by machines running in Vagrant.

So for example, if we have a Hiera layer which represent a machine environment or tier, and for Vagrant nodes we use the devel tier, we can override eventually encrypted data in a general common.yaml with clear text entries in a Vagrant specific layer (like "tier/devel.yaml"). Just know that we need the private key when encrypted data is looked for, if we manage to have no encrypted data for servers running under Vagrant, Hiera eyaml works flawlessly even if the public and private keys are not stored locally.

Creating encrypted Hiera values

We can generate the encrypted value of any Hiera key with the following command:

eyaml encrypt -l 'mysql::root_password' -s 'V3ryS3cr3T!'

This will print on stdout both the plain and encrypted string and a block of configuration that we can directly copy in our .yaml files as follows:

---
mysql::root_password: > ENC[PKCS7,MIIBeQYJKoZIhvcNAQcDoIIBajCCAWYCAQAxggEhMII  [...]

NOTE: the value is in the format ENC[PKCS7,Encrypted_Value].

Since we have the password stored in plain text in our bash history, we should clean it using the following command:

history | grep encrypt
572  eyaml encrypt -l 'mysql::root_password' -s 'V3ryS3cr3T!'
history -d 572

Alternatively we can directly edit Hiera .yaml files with the following command:

eyaml edit hieradata/common.eyaml

Our editor of preference will open the file and decrypt the encrypted values eventually present so that we can edit our secrets in clear text and save the file again (of course, we can do this only on a machine where we have access to the private key).

To add a new encrypted key to a file we can open it with eyaml edit filename.eyaml and add a key with a syntax like this:

---
mysql::root_password: DEC::PKCS7[my_password]!

The string my_password (our password in clear text) will be encrypted once the file is saved.

To show the decrypted content of an .eyaml file, we can use the following command:

eyaml decrypt -f hieradata/common.eyaml

Since hiera-eyaml manages both clear text and encrypted values, we can use it as our only backend if we want to work only on .yaml files, so it's pointless to use both yaml and eyaml backends.