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* TOC {:toc}Layers, layers, everywhere. If you understand PyTorch layers then you understand most of PyTorch. Well, and torch.tensor...
Questions to David Rotermund
Open Book & Website recommendation If you don't know what these layers mean then don't be ashamed and check out these resources:
Dive into Deep Learning https://d2l.ai/
as well as corresponding Youtube channel from Alex Smola
Before we can use layers we need to understand torch.tensor a bit more. You can understand them as a np.ndarray with additional properties and options. Most of it is like with numpy arrays. However, the tensor can shelter an additional gradient!
There are official tutorials about tensors:
- Tensors
- Introduction to Torch’s tensor library However, I feel that they are a bit useless.
Let's be very blunt here: If you don't understand the basics of Numpy ndarray then you will be lost. If you know the usual stuff about np.ndarrays then you understand most of torch.tensor too. You only need some extra information, which I will try to provide here.
The torch.tensor data types (for the CPU) are very similar to the Numpy. e.g. np.float32 -> torch.float32
Let us convert x_np: np.ndarray into a torch.Tensor:
x_torch: torch.Tensor = torch.tensor(x_np)And we convert it back into a torch.Tensor:
x_np: np.ndarray = x_torch.detach().numpy()or if x_torch is on the GPU:
x_np : np.ndarray= x_torch.cpu().detach().numpy()- Tensor.detach() : Get rid of the gradient.
- Tensor.numpy() : "Returns self tensor as a NumPy ndarray. This tensor and the returned ndarray share the same underlying storage. Changes to self tensor will be reflected in the ndarray and vice versa."
- torch.tensor() : Put stuff in there and get a torch.tensor out of it.
- Tensor.type() : numpy's .astype()
torch.tensor.to : tensors and layers can life on different devices e.g. CPU and GPU. You need to move them where you need then. Typically only objects on the same device can interact.
device_gpu = torch.device("cuda:0")
device_cpu = torch.device("cpu")
something_on_gpu = something_on_cpu.to(device_gpu)
something_on_cpu = something_on_gpu.to(device_cpu)
something_on_cpu = something_on_gpu.cpu()- torch.cuda.is_available() : Is there a cuda gpu in my system?
- torch.cuda.get_device_capability() : If you need to know what your gpu is capable of. You get a number and need to check here what this number means.
- torch.cuda.get_device_name() : In the case you forgot what GPU you bought or if you have sooo many GPUs in your system and don't know which is what.
- torch.cuda.get_device_properties() : The two above plus how much memory the card has.
- torch.Tensor.device : Where does this tensor life?
- torch.squeeze() : get rid of (a selected) dimension with size 1
- torch.unsqueeze() : add a dimension of size 1 at a defined position
Layers (i.e. basic building blocks)
Obviously there are a lot of available layer. I want to list only the relevant ones for the typical daily use.
Please note the first upper case letter. If the thing you want to use doesn't have a first upper case letter then something is wrong and it is not a layer.
I will skip the following layer types (because you will not care about them):
In the following I will mark the relevant layers.
| torch.nn.Conv1d | Applies a 1D convolution over an input signal composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.Conv2d | Applies a 2D convolution over an input signal composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.Conv3d | Applies a 3D convolution over an input signal composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.ConvTranspose1d | Applies a 1D transposed convolution operator over an input image composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.ConvTranspose2d | Applies a 2D transposed convolution operator over an input image composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.ConvTranspose3d | Applies a 3D transposed convolution operator over an input image composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.LazyConv1d | A torch.nn.Conv1d module with lazy initialization of the in_channels argument of the Conv1d that is inferred from the input.size(1). |
| torch.nn.LazyConv2d | A torch.nn.Conv2d module with lazy initialization of the in_channels argument of the Conv2d that is inferred from the input.size(1). |
| torch.nn.LazyConv3d | A torch.nn.Conv3d module with lazy initialization of the in_channels argument of the Conv3d that is inferred from the input.size(1). |
| torch.nn.LazyConvTranspose1d | A torch.nn.ConvTranspose1d module with lazy initialization of the in_channels argument of the ConvTranspose1d that is inferred from the input.size(1). |
| torch.nn.LazyConvTranspose2d | A torch.nn.ConvTranspose2d module with lazy initialization of the in_channels argument of the ConvTranspose2d that is inferred from the input.size(1). |
| torch.nn.LazyConvTranspose3d | A torch.nn.ConvTranspose3d module with lazy initialization of the in_channels argument of the ConvTranspose3d that is inferred from the input.size(1). |
| torch.nn.Unfold | Extracts sliding local blocks from a batched input tensor. |
| torch.nn.Fold | Combines an array of sliding local blocks into a large containing tensor. |
| torch.nn.MaxPool1d | Applies a 1D max pooling over an input signal composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.MaxPool2d | Applies a 2D max pooling over an input signal composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.MaxPool3d | Applies a 3D max pooling over an input signal composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.MaxUnpool1d | Computes a partial inverse of MaxPool1d. |
| torch.nn.MaxUnpool2d | Computes a partial inverse of MaxPool2d. |
| torch.nn.MaxUnpool3d | Computes a partial inverse of MaxPool3d. |
| torch.nn.AvgPool1d | Applies a 1D average pooling over an input signal composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.AvgPool2d | Applies a 2D average pooling over an input signal composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.AvgPool3d | Applies a 3D average pooling over an input signal composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.FractionalMaxPool2d | Applies a 2D fractional max pooling over an input signal composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.FractionalMaxPool3d | Applies a 3D fractional max pooling over an input signal composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.LPPool1d | Applies a 1D power-average pooling over an input signal composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.LPPool2d | Applies a 2D power-average pooling over an input signal composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.AdaptiveMaxPool1d | Applies a 1D adaptive max pooling over an input signal composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.AdaptiveMaxPool2d | Applies a 2D adaptive max pooling over an input signal composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.AdaptiveMaxPool3d | Applies a 3D adaptive max pooling over an input signal composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.AdaptiveAvgPool1d | Applies a 1D adaptive average pooling over an input signal composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d | Applies a 2D adaptive average pooling over an input signal composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.AdaptiveAvgPool3d | Applies a 3D adaptive average pooling over an input signal composed of several input planes. |
| torch.nn.ReflectionPad1d | Pads the input tensor using the reflection of the input boundary. |
| torch.nn.ReflectionPad2d | Pads the input tensor using the reflection of the input boundary. |
| torch.nn.ReflectionPad3d | Pads the input tensor using the reflection of the input boundary. |
| torch.nn.ReplicationPad1d | Pads the input tensor using replication of the input boundary. |
| torch.nn.ReplicationPad2d | Pads the input tensor using replication of the input boundary. |
| torch.nn.ReplicationPad3d | Pads the input tensor using replication of the input boundary. |
| torch.nn.ZeroPad1d | Pads the input tensor boundaries with zero. |
| torch.nn.ZeroPad2d | Pads the input tensor boundaries with zero. |
| torch.nn.ZeroPad3d | Pads the input tensor boundaries with zero. |
| torch.nn.ConstantPad1d | Pads the input tensor boundaries with a constant value. |
| torch.nn.ConstantPad2d | Pads the input tensor boundaries with a constant value. |
| torch.nn.ConstantPad3d | Pads the input tensor boundaries with a constant value. |
| torch.nn.ELU | Applies the Exponential Linear Unit (ELU) function, element-wise, as described in the paper: Fast and Accurate Deep Network Learning by Exponential Linear Units (ELUs). |
| torch.nn.Hardshrink | Applies the Hard Shrinkage (Hardshrink) function element-wise. |
| torch.nn.Hardsigmoid | Applies the Hardsigmoid function element-wise. |
| torch.nn.Hardtanh | Applies the HardTanh function element-wise. |
| torch.nn.Hardswish | Applies the Hardswish function, element-wise, as described in the paper: Searching for MobileNetV3. |
| torch.nn.LeakyReLU | Applies the element-wise function: |
| torch.nn.LogSigmoid | Applies the element-wise function: |
| torch.nn.MultiheadAttention | Allows the model to jointly attend to information from different representation subspaces as described in the paper: Attention Is All You Need. |
| torch.nn.PReLU | Applies the element-wise function: |
| torch.nn.ReLU | Applies the rectified linear unit function element-wise: |
| torch.nn.ReLU6 | Applies the element-wise function: |
| torch.nn.RReLU | Applies the randomized leaky rectified liner unit function, element-wise, as described in the paper: |
| torch.nn.SELU | Applied element-wise... |
| torch.nn.CELU | Applies the element-wise function... |
| torch.nn.GELU | Applies the Gaussian Error Linear Units function: |
| torch.nn.Sigmoid | Applies the element-wise function:... |
| torch.nn.SiLU | Applies the Sigmoid Linear Unit (SiLU) function, element-wise. |
| torch.nn.Mish | Applies the Mish function, element-wise. |
| torch.nn.Softplus | Applies the Softplus function |
| torch.nn.Softshrink | Applies the soft shrinkage function elementwise: |
| torch.nn.Softsign | Applies the element-wise function:... |
| torch.nn.Tanh | Applies the Hyperbolic Tangent (Tanh) function element-wise. |
| torch.nn.Tanhshrink | Applies the element-wise function: |
| torch.nn.Threshold | Thresholds each element of the input Tensor. |
| torch.nn.GLU | Applies the gated linear unit function |
| torch.nn.Softmin | Applies the Softmin function to an n-dimensional input Tensor rescaling them so that the elements of the n-dimensional output Tensor lie in the range [0, 1] and sum to 1. |
| torch.nn.Softmax | Applies the Softmax function to an n-dimensional input Tensor rescaling them so that the elements of the n-dimensional output Tensor lie in the range [0,1] and sum to 1. |
| torch.nn.Softmax2d | Applies SoftMax over features to each spatial location. |
| torch.nn.LogSoftmax | Applies the LogSoftmax |
| torch.nn.AdaptiveLogSoftmaxWithLoss | Efficient softmax approximation as described in Efficient softmax approximation for GPUs by Edouard Grave, Armand Joulin, Moustapha Cissé, David Grangier, and Hervé Jégou. |
| torch.nn.BatchNorm1d | Applies Batch Normalization over a 2D or 3D input as described in the paper Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift . |
| torch.nn.BatchNorm2d | Applies Batch Normalization over a 4D input (a mini-batch of 2D inputs with additional channel dimension) as described in the paper Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift . |
| torch.nn.BatchNorm3d | Applies Batch Normalization over a 5D input (a mini-batch of 3D inputs with additional channel dimension) as described in the paper Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift . |
| torch.nn.LazyBatchNorm1d | A torch.nn.BatchNorm1d module with lazy initialization of the num_features argument of the BatchNorm1d that is inferred from the input.size(1). |
| torch.nn.LazyBatchNorm2d | A torch.nn.BatchNorm2d module with lazy initialization of the num_features argument of the BatchNorm2d that is inferred from the input.size(1). |
| torch.nn.LazyBatchNorm3d | A torch.nn.BatchNorm3d module with lazy initialization of the num_features argument of the BatchNorm3d that is inferred from the input.size(1). |
| torch.nn.GroupNorm | Applies Group Normalization over a mini-batch of inputs as described in the paper Group Normalization |
| torch.nn.SyncBatchNorm | Applies Batch Normalization over a N-Dimensional input (a mini-batch of [N-2]D inputs with additional channel dimension) as described in the paper Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift . |
| torch.nn.InstanceNorm1d | Applies Instance Normalization over a 2D (unbatched) or 3D (batched) input as described in the paper Instance Normalization: The Missing Ingredient for Fast Stylization. |
| torch.nn.InstanceNorm2d | Applies Instance Normalization over a 4D input (a mini-batch of 2D inputs with additional channel dimension) as described in the paper Instance Normalization: The Missing Ingredient for Fast Stylization. |
| torch.nn.InstanceNorm3d | Applies Instance Normalization over a 5D input (a mini-batch of 3D inputs with additional channel dimension) as described in the paper Instance Normalization: The Missing Ingredient for Fast Stylization. |
| torch.nn.LazyInstanceNorm1d | A torch.nn.InstanceNorm1d module with lazy initialization of the num_features argument of the InstanceNorm1d that is inferred from the input.size(1). |
| torch.nn.LazyInstanceNorm2d | A torch.nn.InstanceNorm2d module with lazy initialization of the num_features argument of the InstanceNorm2d that is inferred from the input.size(1). |
| torch.nn.LazyInstanceNorm3d | A torch.nn.InstanceNorm3d module with lazy initialization of the num_features argument of the InstanceNorm3d that is inferred from the input.size(1). |
| torch.nn.LayerNorm | Applies Layer Normalization over a mini-batch of inputs as described in the paper Layer Normalization |
| torch.nn.LocalResponseNorm | Applies local response normalization over an input signal composed of several input planes, where channels occupy the second dimension. |
RNN, GRU, LSTM and such lives here. If you don't know what this means then you don't need them...
| torch.nn.RNNBase | Base class for RNN modules (RNN, LSTM, GRU). |
| torch.nn.RNN | Applies a multi-layer Elman |
| torch.nn.LSTM | Applies a multi-layer long short-term memory (LSTM) RNN to an input sequence. |
| torch.nn.GRU | Applies a multi-layer gated recurrent unit (GRU) RNN to an input sequence. |
| torch.nn.RNNCell | An Elman RNN cell with tanh or ReLU non-linearity. |
| torch.nn.LSTMCell | A long short-term memory (LSTM) cell. |
| torch.nn.GRUCell | A gated recurrent unit (GRU) cell |
| torch.nn.Transformer | A transformer model. |
| torch.nn.TransformerEncoder | TransformerEncoder is a stack of N encoder layers. |
| torch.nn.TransformerDecoder | TransformerDecoder is a stack of N decoder layers |
| torch.nn.TransformerEncoderLayer | TransformerEncoderLayer is made up of self-attn and feedforward network. |
| torch.nn.TransformerDecoderLayer | TransformerDecoderLayer is made up of self-attn, multi-head-attn and feedforward network. |
| torch.nn.Identity | A placeholder identity operator that is argument-insensitive |
| torch.nn.Linear | Applies a linear transformation to the incoming data |
| torch.nn.Bilinear | Applies a bilinear transformation to the incoming data |
| torch.nn.LazyLinear | A torch.nn.Linear module where in_features is inferred. |
| torch.nn.Dropout | During training, randomly zeroes some of the elements of the input tensor with probability p using samples from a Bernoulli distribution. |
| torch.nn.Dropout1d | Randomly zero out entire channels (a channel is a 1D feature map). |
| torch.nn.Dropout2d | Randomly zero out entire channels (a channel is a 2D feature map). |
| torch.nn.Dropout3d | Randomly zero out entire channels (a channel is a 3D feature map) |
| torch.nn.AlphaDropout | Applies Alpha Dropout over the input. |
| torch.nn.FeatureAlphaDropout | Randomly masks out entire channels (a channel is a feature map) |
| torch.nn.Embedding | A simple lookup table that stores embeddings of a fixed dictionary and size. |
| torch.nn.EmbeddingBag | Computes sums or means of 'bags' of embeddings, without instantiating the intermediate embeddings. |
| torch.nn.CosineSimilarity | Returns cosine similarity |
| torch.nn.PairwiseDistance | Computes the pairwise distance between input vectors, or between columns of input matrices. |
There is a huge amount of loss function and I will only list a few selected ones. However, in 90% of the cases you will only use
| torch.nn.L1Loss | Creates a criterion that measures the mean absolute error (MAE) between each element in the input |
| torch.nn.MSELoss | Creates a criterion that measures the mean squared error (squared L2 norm) between each element in the input |
| torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss | This criterion computes the cross entropy loss between input logits and target. |
| torch.nn.CTCLoss | The Connectionist Temporal Classification loss. |
| torch.nn.NLLLoss | The negative log likelihood loss. |
| torch.nn.PoissonNLLLoss | Negative log likelihood loss with Poisson distribution of target. |
| torch.nn.GaussianNLLLoss | Gaussian negative log likelihood loss. |
| torch.nn.KLDivLoss | The Kullback-Leibler divergence loss. |
| torch.nn.BCELoss | Creates a criterion that measures the Binary Cross Entropy between the target and the input probabilities: |
| torch.nn.BCEWithLogitsLoss | This loss combines a Sigmoid layer and the BCELoss in one single class. |
| torch.nn.MarginRankingLoss | Creates a criterion that measures the loss |
| torch.nn.HingeEmbeddingLoss | Measures the loss given an input tensor |
| torch.nn.MultiLabelMarginLoss | Creates a criterion that optimizes a multi-class multi-classification hinge loss (margin-based loss) |
| torch.nn.HuberLoss | Creates a criterion that uses a squared term if the absolute element-wise error falls below delta and a delta-scaled L1 term otherwise. |
| torch.nn.SmoothL1Loss | Creates a criterion that uses a squared term if the absolute element-wise error falls below beta and an L1 term otherwise. |
| torch.nn.SoftMarginLoss | Creates a criterion that optimizes a two-class classification logistic loss |
| torch.nn.MultiLabelSoftMarginLoss | Creates a criterion that optimizes a multi-label one-versus-all loss based on max-entropy |
| torch.nn.CosineEmbeddingLoss | Creates a criterion that measures the loss given input tensors and a Tensor label |
| torch.nn.MultiMarginLoss | Creates a criterion that optimizes a multi-class classification hinge loss (margin-based loss) |
| torch.nn.TripletMarginLoss | Creates a criterion that measures the triplet loss given an input tensors |
| torch.nn.TripletMarginWithDistanceLoss | Creates a criterion that measures the triplet loss given input tensors |
In this category you will find a lot of utility functions... A lot!
| torch.nn.Flatten | Flattens a contiguous range of dims into a tensor. |
| torch.nn.Unflatten | Unflattens a tensor dim expanding it to a desired shape. |
The probability that you need it is low but I listed it here because we are working on it. And if I need to find the link...