diff --git a/_toc.yml b/_toc.yml
index df4f7558..eda10a23 100644
--- a/_toc.yml
+++ b/_toc.yml
@@ -857,7 +857,11 @@ subtrees:
         title: Marx
       - file: vwl6/VL_Sozialismus/2024-04-25-Schockindustrie.md
         title: Schockindustrie
+      - file: vwl6/VL_Sozialismus/2024-05-02-Soviet-Ende.md
+        title: Soviet Ende
       - file: vwl6/VL_Sozialismus/2024-05-23-Long-Run.md
         title: Long Run
       - file: vwl6/VL_Sozialismus/2024-06-13-ASV-Empirie.md
         title: ASV Empirie
+      - file: vwl6/VL_Sozialismus/_Slides.md
+        title: 
diff --git a/vwl6/VL_Econometrics/2024-04-16-Multiple-Regression.md b/vwl6/VL_Econometrics/2024-04-16-Multiple-Regression.md
index 3b6936a7..de15a77f 100644
--- a/vwl6/VL_Econometrics/2024-04-16-Multiple-Regression.md
+++ b/vwl6/VL_Econometrics/2024-04-16-Multiple-Regression.md
@@ -14,4 +14,59 @@ $$
 wage = \beta_0 + \beta_1 educ+\beta_2 experience + \epsilon
 $$
 
- 
+**Interpretation** $\beta_1$ = change in *y* w.r.t $x_1$, holding all other factors fixed
+
+**Assumption** here: $E(u | x_1,x_2) = 0$ : 
+
+- u same for all combinations of $x_1, x_2$
+
+
+
+## OLS Expected Value
+
+Assumptions:
+
+1. parameters ($\beta_i$​) are linear (*variables can be nonlinear*)
+2. random sample of population
+3. no perfect collinearity 
+    - variables are not constant
+    - no perfect linearity of variables
+    - nonlinear functions of same variable are allowed, e.g $y = \beta_0+\beta_1 x + \beta_2 x^2+u$
+4. zero conditional mean: $E(u | x_1,x_2,...) = 0$
+
+=> estimate = truth: $E(\hat{ \beta }) = \beta$
+
+
+
+### Misspecification
+
+Irrelevant Variables
+
+- no effect on unbiasedness
+- effect on variance of OLS-estimator
+
+
+
+Omitted Variable Bias
+
+- true model: $y = \beta_0+\beta_1 x_1 + \beta_2 x_2$
+- our model: $\hat{ y } = \hat{ \beta_1 } + \hat{ \beta_2 } \hat{ \delta }$ (delta = slope between $x_1$ and $x_2$)
+- => $Bias(\beta_1) = E(\beta_1)-\beta_1$
+
+
+
+## OLS Variance
+
+5th assumption: **Homoskedasticity**
+
+- error *u* = same variance for all given values
+- $Var(u | x_1,...) = \sigma^2$
+
+Variance formula
+
+$$
+Var (\hat{ \beta_1 }) = \frac{ \sigma^2 }{SST_j(1-R_j^2)}
+$$
+
+- SST = total sample variation
+- R = R-sqaured
diff --git a/vwl6/VL_Sozialismus/2024-05-02-Soviet-Ende.md b/vwl6/VL_Sozialismus/2024-05-02-Soviet-Ende.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..766743fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vwl6/VL_Sozialismus/2024-05-02-Soviet-Ende.md
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+# 02.05.2024 Ende der Sowjetunion
+
+## Ch. 10 After Stalin
+
+2. WW: loss of pop and GDP
+
+after 2WW - 1980
+
+- exceptional growth capital stocl
+- big increase employment
+- some expansion cultivated acreage
+
+after 1980 = slowdown
+
+classical explanation = extensive growht / intensive growth
+
+- institutions not made for efficient combination of output
+- system was good for shifting of underused labor surplus
+- after full employment = useless
+
+### Weitzman Analysis
+
+- Soviet Model = Cobb Douglas with elasticity of substitution = 0.4 (not one as normal)
+- missing technological growth = no longer problem
+- but shrinking labor supply
+- rapid growth => abrupt slowdown
+
+![img](../images/2024-05-02_16-41-51.jpg)
+
+- Soviet Union Isoquant Figure:
+    - in 1928: 1% more capital = 0.97 more output (=capital constrained)
+    - in 1960 = labor and capital both efficient
+    - in 1980: 1% more labor = 0.8% more output (=labor constrained)
+- with better elasticity of substitution = grwoth would go on (similar to Japan)
+
+### Allen analysis
+
+- not EOS problem, but investment
+
+**Reconstruction Investment**
+
+- e.g refitting old factories
+- high input needed
+- less output growth
+- wasteful
+
+Politcal Reasons for reconstruction investment
+
+- employment protection
+- provision of housing was trough employer
+- believe to be more economic
+
+
+
+**Resource Depletion**
+
+- 1970s: western russian resources depleted
+- shift to siberia = wasteful + espensive
+- resource course
+- example: energy (coal)
+    - coal in west (donezk) depelted
+    - shift to siberia = more expensive
+- solution would have been trade
+- but focus in self-suffiency in SU
+- no conservation of energy
+    - soft budget constraint = not rising prices
+    - lacking monitoring
+    - no agreement
+- no politicaln will for long run investment
+
+poor incentives => not efficient resource use
+
+
+
+**Technology**
+
+**classical analysis:** conservative towards new technology
+
+- no in house research, but in institutes
+- benefits of technology = only to consumers, not enterprises
+- output target = no incetinve to innovate
+
+**Allen analyisis**
+
+- significant research on site (ex. cement industry)
+- external factor = arms race
+- reallocation to military sector (esp. R&D)
+- military-industrial secotr = take all bright heads
+- plans did not make sense generally
+
+
+
+=> market driven technological change needed
+
+- not one person has to solve problems (like Gorbachev)
+- but the market in general
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vwl6/VL_Sozialismus/2024-06-13-ASV-Empirie.md b/vwl6/VL_Sozialismus/2024-06-13-ASV-Empirie.md
index 67b4e888..60178610 100644
--- a/vwl6/VL_Sozialismus/2024-06-13-ASV-Empirie.md
+++ b/vwl6/VL_Sozialismus/2024-06-13-ASV-Empirie.md
@@ -1,40 +1,137 @@
 # 13.06.2024 Empirie ASV
 
-Leonard Kucik
+## Über die Texte
+
+Leonard Kukic
 
 - Assistant Prof: Universitad Madrid
 - Topics: Economic History, Eastern Europe
 
+2018: 
+
+2020:
+
+## Wirtschaftsgeshichte Jugoslawiens
+
+- 45-51: Schockindustrialisierung
+    - wie Sowjetunion
+    - zentralisiert
+- 48-65: eigenes Modell der Zentralplaung
+  - Entscheidungsfreiheit in Unternehmen
+  - Arbeiterselbstverwaltung
+  - softere Targets, keine Kollektivierung
+  - zentralen Investment-Fond (staatliches Kapital)
+- 65-74: Marktsozialismus
+  - GATT-Beitritt (WTO Pred.)
+  - Einbindung internationaler Handel
+  - Arbeiterräte in Firmen
+  - Banken als Finanziers
+  - Bewegungsfreiheit / Migrationsphase
+- 74-91: Untergang
+  - Überregulierung
+  - Backlash gegen Liberalisierung
+  - Tito stirbt
+  - ethnische / politische streitigkeiten über Zukunft
+
+## Definitionen
+
+**Solow Modell** 
+
+- exogenes long-run growth model
+- Cobb Douglas Produktionsfunktion
+- grundlage von Growth Accounting (erwähnt in Paper)
+- Versuch zu erklären, warum einige Länder arm, andere reich sind
+    - basierend auf Kapitalstock / Labor Force / Investments etc
+
+
+
+
+**TFP** = Total Factor Productivity
+
+- Effizienz der Verwendung der beiden Produktionsfaktoren in Output
+- "Measure of our Ignorance" = was wir nicht messen können
+- Institutionen, Culture, Geography, Technology
+- insbesondere wichtig, wenn Wirtschaft weiter entwickelt ist
+
+
+
 
 
+## Paper 1: BCA
 
+Wachstumsfaktoren Analyse mit Business Cycle Accounting
 
-## Socialist growth revisited: insights from Yugoslavia
+- neoklassisches wachstumsmodell
+- wedges = abweichung vom "perfekten Pfad"
+- vergleich mit anderen staaten (Griechenland, USA, ...)
 
+Ergebisse:
 
+- TFP = insgesmat wichtig für Wachstum
+- ab 1980: sinkendes TFP Growth
+- besonders relecant aber: labor wedge sinkt
 
+> **Labor wedge:** structure of incentives determining provision of labor  
+>
+> => interpreted as distortion arising due to increased taxation
 
+sozialistische firma = distorted version of perfectly competitve economy
 
-- European Review of Economic History
-- DOI: [10.1093/ereh/hey001](http://doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hey001)
 
 
 
-## Origins of regional divergence: economic growth in socialist Yugoslavia
 
+![img](../images/2024-05-02_11-54-22.jpg)
 
+Grund für Labor Wedge: 1965 Reform
 
-- The Economic History Review
-- DOI: [10.1111/ehr.12967](http://doi.org/10.1111/ehr.12967)
+- maximize income per worker
+- wage rate above market rate
+- less investment
+- restrict labor entry (like strong unions?)
 
 
 
-Kritik / Gedanken
+## Paper 2: Divergence
+
+> **(Solow)-Convergence** (Conditional)
+>
+> - Tendenz dass sich arme Länder höhere Wachstumsrate haben
+> - sich reichen damit annähern (Catch Up Growth)
+> - typisches Beispiel: Südstaaten Nordstaaten USA
+
+
+
+reichere Regionen
+
+- höheres Ausgangsniveau = Vergangenheit in Austro-ungarn
+- und dann auch noch mehr Wachstum
+
+![img](../images/2024-05-02_12-31-14.jpg)
+
+## Rolle des Ölschocks
+
+externer Schock
+
+- balance of payments krise = devisenmangel
+- energieineffizienz der Wirtschaft = teuer
+
+=> jugoslawischen Wirtschaft den Todesstoß gegeben
+
+## Kritik / Gedanken
 
 - Finanzielle Unterstützung von *Mercatus Center* (neoliberaler Think Tank)
-- gibt dem ganzen ein Geschmäckle
+    - gibt dem ganzen ein Geschmäckle
+    - abneigung gegen gewerkschaften / income per worker maximizing
+    
 - wie hat der Öl schock andere Länder gebrochen (die kapitalistisch waren)
     - bspw. **XX?**
+- wenn 1965 reformen wichtig für downfall waren, warum dann erst ab 71 sichtbar?
+- sozialismus = abweichung von perfket competitive economy?
+
+
+
+
 
 
 
diff --git a/vwl6/VL_Sozialismus/Kucik.qmd b/vwl6/VL_Sozialismus/Kucik.qmd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cdb35893
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vwl6/VL_Sozialismus/Kucik.qmd
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+---
+title: "Kucik"
+format: html
+---
+
+## Kucik Replication
+
+Data
+
+```{r}
+library(tidyverse)
+library(plm)
+```
+
+```{r}
+yugoslavia_growth <- data.frame(
+  Region = c(rep("Bosnia", 4), rep("Croatia", 4), rep("Kosovo", 4), rep("Macedonia", 4), 
+             rep("Montenegro", 4), rep("Serbia", 4), rep("Slovenia", 4), rep("Vojvodina", 4)),
+  Growth_Period = rep(c("1953–61", "1961–71", "1971–81", "1981–6"), 8),
+  Labour_Productivity = c(5.0, 7.4, 4.1, 4.4, 5.9, 8.1, 4.3, 2.0, 2.5, 9.7, 5.4, 2.3, 5.0, 8.5, 3.5, 3.8,
+                          5.7, 7.3, 4.7, 2.0, 5.5, 6.9, 4.9, 2.5, 6.7, 7.2, 4.1, 1.6, 6.4, 8.8, 4.5, 2.3),
+  Physical_Capital_Deepening = c(2.1, 3.7, 2.4, 1.6, 1.3, 3.6, 2.3, 0.9, 1.8, 4.5, 2.9, 0.5, 2.6, 4.1, 1.5, 0.8,
+                                  3.8, 3.1, 2.3, 0.8, 2.4, 3.4, 1.9, 1.1, 1.3, 2.9, 2.3, 0.4, 1.3, 3.2, 3.0, 1.0),
+  Human_Capital_Deepening = c(1.6, 1.3, 1.4, 0.7, 1.5, 0.9, 0.8, 0.5, 1.4, 1.8, 1.4, 0.3, 1.8, 1.3, 0.9, 0.7,
+                               1.7, 1.0, 1.2, 0.5, 1.5, 1.0, 1.0, 0.6, 1.3, 0.6, 0.5, 0.3, 1.4, 0.7, 0.9, 0.3),
+  TFP = c(1.2, 2.4, 0.3, 2.1, 3.0, 3.6, 1.2, 0.6, -0.6, 3.3, 1.1, 1.5, 0.7, 3.1, 1.1, 2.3, 0.2, 3.1, 1.3, 0.7,
+          1.6, 2.6, 2.0, 0.8, 4.1, 3.6, 1.3, 0.9, 3.8, 4.8, 0.6, 1.0)
+)
+```
+
+```{r}
+# clean data frame, make a separate DF just for TFP
+
+yugoslavia_growth_tfp <- yugoslavia_growth %>%
+  select(Region, Growth_Period, TFP) %>%
+  spread(key = Growth_Period, value = TFP)
+```
+
+
+```{r}
+# line plot
+
+yugoslavia_growth_tfp %>%
+  gather(key = "Growth_Period", value = "TFP", -Region) %>%
+  ggplot(aes(x = Growth_Period, y = TFP, group = Region, color = Region)) +
+  geom_line() +
+  geom_point() +
+  labs(title = "TFP Growth in Yugoslavia by Region",
+       x = "Growth Period",
+       y = "TFP Growth") +
+  theme_minimal()
+```
+
+```{r}
+# adjust colors for the northern regions (Vojvodina, Slovenia, Croatia)
+
+yugoslavia_growth_tfp %>%
+  gather(key = "Growth_Period", value = "TFP", -Region) %>%
+  ggplot(aes(x = Growth_Period, y = TFP, group = Region, color = Region)) +
+  geom_line() +
+  geom_point(size=1.5) +
+  scale_color_manual(values = c("red", "blue", "red", "red", "red", "red", "blue", "blue")) +
+  labs(title = "TFP Growth in Yugoslavia by Region",
+       x = "Growth Period",
+       y = "TFP Growth")
+```
+
+adjust the shapes of the points, each region different shape
+
+```{r}
+# adjust the shapes of the points, each region different shape
+
+yugoslavia_growth_tfp %>%
+  gather(key = "Growth_Period", value = "TFP", -Region) %>%
+  ggplot(aes(x = Growth_Period, y = TFP, group = Region, color = Region, shape = Region)) +
+  geom_line() +
+  geom_point(size=2) +
+  scale_color_manual(values = c("red", "blue", "red", "red", "red", "red", "blue", "blue")) +
+  scale_shape_manual(values = c(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)) +
+  labs(title = "TFP Growth in Yugoslavia by Region",
+       x = "Growth Period",
+       y = "TFP Growth") +
+  theme_minimal()
+```
+
+```{r}
diff --git a/vwl6/VL_Sozialismus/_Slides.md b/vwl6/VL_Sozialismus/_Slides.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..be2a2171
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vwl6/VL_Sozialismus/_Slides.md
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+---
+format: 
+  beamer:
+    theme: Madrid
+title: ASV Empirie
+date: "13 06 2024"
+date-format: medium
+author: "Marten Walk"
+---
+
+---
+
+## Allgemein
+
+:::: {.columns}
+
+::: {.column width="60%"}
+
+über den Autor
+
+
+
+:::
+
+::: {.column width="40%"}
+
+![Leonard Kukic (eigene Website)](../images/2024-04-30_18-50-33.jpg)
+
+:::
+
+::::
+
+
+
+---
+
+:::: {.columns}
+
+::: {.column width="50%"}
+
+**Kukić, Leonard**. “Socialist Growth Revisited: Insights from Yugoslavia.” *European Review of Economic History* 22, no. 4 (November 1, 2018)
+
+\
+
+![EREH Cover](../images/2024-04-30_18-36-53.jpeg){height=40%}
+
+:::
+
+::: {.column width="50%"}
+
+**Kukić, Leonard**. “Origins of Regional Divergence: Economic Growth in Socialist Yugoslavia †.” *The Economic History Review* 73, no. 4 (November 2020)
+
+\
+
+![EHR Cover](../images/2024-04-30_18-36-49.jpg){height=40%}
+
+:::
+
+::::
+
+---
+
+## Wirtschaftsgeschichte
+
+| Zeitraum | Modell                   | wirt. Entscheidungen |
+| -------- | ------------------------ | -------------------- |
+| 1948-51  | Schockindustrialisierung | Zentralregierung     |
+| 1948-65  | eigenes Zentralmodell    | Zentralregierung     |
+| 1965-74  | Marktsozialismus         | Arbeiterräte         |
+| 1974-91  | Backlash + Niedergang    | Firmenabteilungen    |
+
+---
+
+## Refresher
+
+##### **Solow-Modell** 
+
+- exogenes long-run Wachstumsmodell
+- basierend auf erweiterter Cobb-Douglas Produktionsfunktion
+
+##### **TFP** = Total Factor Productivity
+
+- *"measure of our ignorance"*
+- Maß für Effizienz in Kombination von Faktoren
+
+
+
+****
+
+## Socialist Growth Revisited
+
+- neoklassisches Wachstumsmodell
+- Anteile der Produktionsfaktoren an Wachstum
+
+##### **Wedge**
+
+Anreizstruktur für den Produktionsfaktor = Verzerrung / Abweichung
+
+---
+
+::::{.columns}
+
+::: {.column width="50%"}
+
+- TFP = steigende Bedeutung für Wachstum
+- Labor-Wedge = retardierende Rolle bei Wachstum ab 1965
+- ineffizente Anreize für Arbeit
+
+:::
+
+
+
+::: {.column width="50%"}
+
+![Labor Wedge (Kukic 2018)](../images/2024-05-02_11-54-22.jpg)
+
+:::
+
+::::
+
+---
+
+## Regional Divergence
+
+##### **Convergence**
+
+- arme Länder = höheres Wachstum (*Catch-Up*)
+- Angleichung der Einkommensniveaus
+
+---
+
+![TFP Wachstum in verschiedenen Regionen](../images/2024-05-02_12-32-08.jpg)
diff --git a/vwl6/images/2024-04-30_18-36-49.jpg b/vwl6/images/2024-04-30_18-36-49.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ed3ba44
Binary files /dev/null and b/vwl6/images/2024-04-30_18-36-49.jpg differ
diff --git a/vwl6/images/2024-04-30_18-36-53.jpeg b/vwl6/images/2024-04-30_18-36-53.jpeg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f21b022a
Binary files /dev/null and b/vwl6/images/2024-04-30_18-36-53.jpeg differ
diff --git a/vwl6/images/2024-04-30_18-50-33.jpg b/vwl6/images/2024-04-30_18-50-33.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6ac8e03e
Binary files /dev/null and b/vwl6/images/2024-04-30_18-50-33.jpg differ
diff --git a/vwl6/images/2024-05-02_11-54-22.jpg b/vwl6/images/2024-05-02_11-54-22.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..23ea8a8f
Binary files /dev/null and b/vwl6/images/2024-05-02_11-54-22.jpg differ
diff --git a/vwl6/images/2024-05-02_12-18-08.jpg b/vwl6/images/2024-05-02_12-18-08.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0fb85d0
Binary files /dev/null and b/vwl6/images/2024-05-02_12-18-08.jpg differ
diff --git a/vwl6/images/2024-05-02_12-31-14-4645902.jpg b/vwl6/images/2024-05-02_12-31-14-4645902.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6ba6f5b6
Binary files /dev/null and b/vwl6/images/2024-05-02_12-31-14-4645902.jpg differ
diff --git a/vwl6/images/2024-05-02_12-31-14.jpg b/vwl6/images/2024-05-02_12-31-14.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6ba6f5b6
Binary files /dev/null and b/vwl6/images/2024-05-02_12-31-14.jpg differ
diff --git a/vwl6/images/2024-05-02_12-32-08.jpg b/vwl6/images/2024-05-02_12-32-08.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe0287bb
Binary files /dev/null and b/vwl6/images/2024-05-02_12-32-08.jpg differ
diff --git a/vwl6/images/2024-05-02_16-41-51.jpg b/vwl6/images/2024-05-02_16-41-51.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe6ce5fb
Binary files /dev/null and b/vwl6/images/2024-05-02_16-41-51.jpg differ