Web interface & API for an RS-232 controlled device (a Sharp AQUOS TV).
Update: This project won the third place prize in WIZnet's Ethernet HAT Contest 2022.
A Raspberry Pi Pico with hardwired Ethernet seems like the perfect platform to add web APIs to serial controlled devices. I have a TV which has an RS-232 control interface for power on, changing inputs, etc. A low-power Ethernet-serial bridge device would be ideal to make that interface more usable.
Hackaday made a post that mentioned
WIZnet was running a contest
to demonstrate
products that add hardwired Ethernet to Raspberry Pi Pico boards. The WIZnet W5100S-EVB-Pico
is a Raspberry Pi Pico clone with hardwired Ethernet built right into the board. After learning that this
product existed, I realized this was an excellent fit for making a web API for the serial interface
on my TV. This repository
represents my entry into the WIZnet Ethernet HAT Contest.
If you are interested in running the project, you can copy the contents of CIRCUITPY on
to your W5100S-EVB-Pico running CircuitPython and stop reading and start hacking.
Update: I've added a sample of a simple HTML web UI that uses this project as the backend. It can be customized to the preset channels and input labels you desire. It is compact enough to be easily usable on phone screens, but also has keyboard shortcuts for desktop use.
My TV already has a remote, what's the point? Mostly for better integration with home automation solutions. Something seemingly as simple as asking your voice assistant to turn on the TV is still frustratingly complex with off the shelf solutions. Having tried a Logitech Harmony product and being disappointed with the functionality, the only real solution is to integrate with the TV's native control interface. There are IR blasters, which is the basis for the Harmony, but my Sharp AQUOS LC-52LE700UN has an RS-232 interface as well. Integrating with that directly frees me from the constraints and limitations of a third party product. I can tailor the API to fit whatever the home automation software needs and expose all the features the TV's API supports. This project has been on my mind for some time, ever since reading about the interface in the manual. I've even (cryptically) tweeted about it:
Challenge accepted
— Greg Chabala (@chabala) May 9, 2018
But that was four years ago, what's the hangup? Well, having a serial interface is the easy part,
but for it to be useful, something needs to talk to it. I didn't want to station a PC next to my TV.
Even a small single board computer like a Raspberry Pi would effectively need to run 24/7 just
to be available to push commands to the TV, which is a waste of power. The existence of the WIZnet
W5100S-EVB-Pico changes that, being a microcontroller means it uses much less power
than a full computer, and the integrated Ethernet reduces the additional components needed. It is
just enough for this kind of project, and no more.
Step zero in any project should be a search to see if anyone else has already done the work. I searched GitHub for other projects that were trying to interface with Sharp TVs and found these:
- https://github.com/partouf/AquosComm [Pascal, 2009]
- https://github.com/bwkeller/pyaquos [Python, 2012]
- https://github.com/p4ddy1/aquoscontrol [Go, 2017]
- https://github.com/neerlent/aquostv_serial [Python, 2019]
These all target running software on a full computer rather than a microcontroller, but at least some were also trying to integrate with home automation software. It's always good to see what's out there before duplicating effort.
Before entering the contest and requesting sample hardware I formed my plan. The WIZnet
W5100S-EVB-Pico has an Ethernet port, I would want to expose a REST API. I also needed
a serial connection. The Raspberry Pi Pico has a USB port, and some research showed it was capable
of operating in host mode, so in theory I
could connect a common USB-to-serial adapter to it.
Possible software toolkits available for the Pi Pico and clones:
- C/C++ and/or assembly - https://github.com/raspberrypi/pico-sdk
- MicroPython - https://github.com/micropython/micropython
- CircuitPython - https://github.com/adafruit/circuitpython
My C++ is very rusty, so one of the Python variants seemed like a good place to start. CircuitPython is a fork of MicroPython with an emphasis on ease of use for beginners, and is backed by Adafruit to ensure good library support for their sensor products, so I chose to start with it.
Additionally, as I knew I was going to need some kind of web server for the REST API, in CircuitPython this is provided by a WSGI server module.
I drew up this diagram and requested the hardware:
The tiny WIZnet W5100S-EVB-Pico, with a touch of electrical tape to mask the power LED
I set up the hardware following the guide at Ethernet Example Getting Started [CircuitPython].md which leans heavily on Adafruit's Installing CircuitPython guide. I follow the LED blink tutorial, LED blinks. Then I set up the Ethernet library, which again delegates to an Adafruit tutorial, Ethernet for CircuitPython with Wiznet5K. Here I get my first taste of confusion, as the sample code doesn't work.
code.py output:
Wiznet5k WebClient Test
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "code.py", line 17, in <module>
AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'D10'
Code done running.
This looks like there's an error with board.D10 not being defined. First interaction with the REPL:
>>> import board
>>> dir(board)
['__class__', '__name__', 'A0', 'A1', 'A2', 'A3', 'GP0', 'GP1', 'GP10', 'GP11', 'GP12', 'GP13',
'GP14', 'GP15', 'GP16', 'GP17', 'GP18', 'GP19', 'GP2', 'GP20', 'GP21', 'GP22', 'GP23', 'GP24',
'GP25', ]
Definitely not defined. I look to see if I missed installing board, and learn board is built into
CircuitPython.
Googled the error, but the results are people using CircuitPython on Raspberry Pi (not Pi Pico)
being advised to install adafruit_blinka, which is an abstraction layer that I should not need.
I started poking around in the issues on https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_CircuitPython_Wiznet5k and found adafruit/Adafruit_CircuitPython_Wiznet5k#49 which links to https://gist.github.com/anecdata/3c6f37c05a91f7b769dad7517bfe3aa1 which is example code that works fine.
Looking back at the WIZnet Getting Started guide, it seems they may have intended
https://github.com/Wiznet/RP2040-HAT-CircuitPython/blob/master/examples/Network/W5x00_Ping_Test.py
as initial example code. It's very similar to the working gist. Of interest though, they
both use different pins for the reset pin. The WIZnet example is correctly using GP20, but using
that pin in the gist's code causes it to fail to initialize. This turns out to be a bug in the
driver library, and I opened adafruit/Adafruit_CircuitPython_Wiznet5k#51
to fix it.
Tested web server example code from https://github.com/Wiznet/RP2040-HAT-CircuitPython/blob/master/examples/HTTP/Webserver/W5x00_WebServer.py which works and shows the basics of URL routing.
At this point I've gotten network functionality working, and I want to test the serial end of things. Based on some conversation on the Adafruit Discord, while the Pi Pico hardware supports USB host mode, CircuitPython itself does not yet. There is work underway in the USB stack (TinyUSB), and preliminary work on the CircuitPython API for it: https://github.com/tannewt/circuitpython/tree/usb_host but nothing ready for use.
My option for using the USB serial adapter in the near term may only be to implement the USB host logic myself in C, which is more than I bargained for. As a result, I ordered a Waveshare Pico-2CH-RS232 pico-uart-to-serial adapter board.
What could have been, if USB host mode was supported in CircuitPython
Time to revise my diagram now that using USB host is shelved:
There's no real downside here, except that I had to buy a pico specific serial adapter board instead of using a generic USB-serial adapter that I had on hand. The purpose of the board is to shift voltage levels, from the TTL levels of the pico's UARTs, to the higher ~5V levels expected by RS-232 devices. Also, this required soldering the header pins onto the pico, which would have been unneeded otherwise.
After some poking around and experimenting with WSGI, I rewrote the two /led_on and
/led_off endpoints from the sample code into one /led endpoint in a more HATEOAS style, and learned how to handle GET and POST parameters
with it. It should be easier to follow that pattern and start flushing out the serial TV control
endpoint now without making a mess of it.
From: https://github.com/chabala/pi-pico-serial-web-api/blob/e81f4f882127e0290d8b4310b3c9e9d4933914b9/CIRCUITPY/code.py#L69-L93
@web_app.route("/led/", ["GET", "POST"])
def led(request):
print(f"\n{request.method} {request.path}")
set_value = None
if request.method == "GET":
set_value = request.query_params.get('set')
elif request.method == "POST":
post_params = request.__parse_query_params(request.body.getvalue())
request.body.close()
set_value = post_params.get('set')
if set_value is not None:
if set_value == 'toggle':
user_led.value = not user_led.value
else:
user_led.value = True if set_value == 'on' else False
status = 'on' if user_led.value else 'off'
return "200 OK", [], [html_doc("User LED status", f"""LED is {status}<br><br>
<form action="/led/" method="post">
Actions:<br>
<input type="radio" id="on" name="set" value="on"><label for="on"> turn LED on</label><br>
<input type="radio" id="off" name="set" value="off"><label for="off"> turn LED off</label><br>
<input type="radio" id="toggle" name="set" value="toggle"><label for="toggle"> toggle LED state</label><br>
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form><br><br>
<a href="/" id="root">Back to root</a>""")]
The serial protocol used by the television is described in a single page of the user manual. The commands and responses are all basic ASCII. But besides laying out the basics, there's not much technical detail, so some experimentation will be needed. In fact, it barely mentions that some commands will accept question marks to allow you to query what the current setting of the TV are, and there are no examples of those types of responses.
To start, I made a basic serial endpoint, that would allow me to construct links to send specific
command codes to the serial port. All commands are eight characters, which is nice and uniform.
The only wrinkle is that their protocol specifies two characters that are very annoying for URLs,
spaces and question marks. I elect to munge hyphens for spaces and Q for ?, luckily neither
Q nor - are used in any of the commands, so it's easy to unmunge them in code prior to sending.
Now I can send a GET request to /serial/POWR0---/ to turn off the TV. /serial/RSPW1---/ enables
sending power on commands (which is disabled by default), and then /serial/POWR1---/ will
turn the TV on. /serial/POWRQ---/ will return 0 when the TV is off, and 1 when it is on.
More experimentation leads to more working commands, and I add them to my list of links.
One thing that became clear while playing with this is that the webserver is very flakey. It
works about 50% of the time, if I'm being generous. The rest of the time I receive garbled HTML
in the response. I have spent a lot of time looking at this, and can say the cause is somewhere
between the end of my function handing off to the WSGI server, and a hardware issue, but I'm more
likely to blame the software. I know this, because I added print() statements duplicating my
response HTML just before returning from my handler functions, and they are always 100% correct
in the REPL, even when the response is garbled.
Just how garbled the responses are is also impressive. Sometimes the page is simply truncated. But sometimes it sends half the page, and then starts sending the first half a second time. Sometimes it's so garbled the HTTP headers are incomplete and the browser rejects it. The good part is that my requests are being received fine, I'm just often blind to the resulting page. I may have to refresh the page a few times to get a clear result.
I've tried making a minimal server, with a single endpoint that returns the same static string every time, and I will still get garbled results, intermittently, but probably at least 20% of the time. It's a little like an ATM that has a 50% chance of shredding your cash, but always makes sure to deduct your account. I would expect to see issues on the WSGI library about it, but there are none. I can't fathom how no one else has noticed this, unless no one else is using the WSGI server. It's frustrating, but I'm not motivated to continue trying to debug the library code. I'm just going to have to design around the faults.
One thing I noticed while working on the serial page is that as it got longer from adding more links to it, the more frequently it failed to render, until it practically failed 95% of the time. So it would seem that the issue is aggravated by longer responses.
I have a web interface at /serial/ with clickable links for operations on the TV, and they
send serial commands, as well as return response codes. That is enough to call a minimum
viable product, but my goal is a more HATEOAS style REST API. People have differing opinions
about what REST means, and I'm not going to fit my ideal interface onto a microcontroller,
but at a minimum I wanted it to:
- Be discoverable from the root URL
- Model some of the operations into related groups
Other RESTful ideas like using different HTTP verbs or modelling the state in available actions
are not very important here. While I experimented with POST requests on the /led/ page,
GET requests are sufficient. Also, breaking up the API into the URL structure means that
individual pages can be smaller and avoid aggravating the WSGI server issues.
To that end, I made a /tv/ endpoint, that breaks into four functional areas: power, volume,
input, and channel. Here's a tour of the UI.
- The root URL:
The /led/ and /serial/ endpoints were already shown above.
- The
/tv/endpoint:
- The
/tv/power/endpoint:
Interacting with any of the commands will return to the same page, but the response from the command will be at the top of the page. There's also always a link to return to the prior level of the API structure.
- The
/tv/volume/endpoint:
- The
/tv/input/endpoint:
One of the nice features of the Sharp AQUOS is that it has 8 inputs with some variety, not just a couple of HDMI.
- The
/tv/channel/endpoint:
Just a couple preset links here, but the API would allow building a URL for switching to any channel directly.
That's all there is to it. The API doesn't need to be any smarter than that, I'm sure something like HomeAssistant could interact with it easily. Perhaps there would be use for a 'bare response' mode, that would return the response code as plain text and not return the HTML page at all, but I leave that enhancement for the future.
What to do about an enclosure? There are some options:
- Do nothing. This seems like a bad idea, lots of exposed contacts that could potentially short.
- Do almost nothing. I could wrap all or most of the pi pico in electrical tape, eliminating any potential shorts, while ensuring it will be a sticky mess if I ever need to modify it again.
- Buy a purpose built Pi Pico case. The Raspberry Pi Foundation has made official cases for pretty
much all of their single board computers, and there are plenty of aftermarket cases as well. Somewhat
strange then that there are almost no Pi Pico cases on the market. Of the few I found, only one
would have fit on the slightly larger form factor of the
W5100S-EVB-Pico, not to mention the RS-232 board, and it was basically just a piece of acrylic that covered the main area of the circuit board, and made no attempt to cover the pins. Useless. - Design and 3D print my own case. I have a feeling this is what I'm intended to do, but luckily I don't have that hobby.
- Buy a project box. I spent some time searching for 'project boxes', and found a lot of things in the $10-15 range that were marketed as waterproof junction boxes. That seems okay, except that waterproof is probably an anti-feature. I'm going to cut holes in it anyway to let cables enter and any extra waterproofness just means less ventilation for the Pi and more chance for it to overheat.
In the end, I went to the hardware store, where I found a PVC handy box and cover for just under $3, total. A little Dremel work to improve the fit and I was all set.
A quick summary of the expenses:
W5100S-EVB-Picois MSRP $10, though WIZnet gave me this one for joining the contest- Waveshare Pico-2CH-RS232 was $13
- PVC handy box & lid was $3
- DE9 null modem serial adapter $4
- MicroUSB power supply $5
$35 total to create this tiny single function device to allow controlling the TV via Ethernet.
If you wish to update the libraries used here, I've included a requirements.txt and suggest the steps below to get started:
python3 -m venv .env
. .env/bin/activate
pip install -r requirements.txt
circup --path CIRCUITPY install -r requirements.txt
circup --path CIRCUITPY uninstall adafruit_bus_devicecircup will install adafruit_bus_device because it is a dependency of adafruit_wiznet5k, however
adafruit_bus_device is baked into CircuitPython for the pi pico, so including it is not needed and
discouraged, hence the uninstall command above.
I'm planting my flag here for now, but there's more that could be done. When CircuitPython supports USB host mode for CDC devices, like serial adapters, I'd be interested in trying it to see if I can get closer to my original vision.
Also, there remain issues with the pages served from the device. Often, they come back garbled. In the near term, I can refresh the request until I get an uncorrupted response, but that's not ideal. I doubt it's a hardware issue, more likely it's in the WSGI library, or the socket library, or CircuitPython itself.
That leads to my other big enhancement idea, ditching CircuitPython. It may have been convenient to prototype with, but it feels rough, more like a toy language than a finished product. Things are hacked together until they 'work', but not necessarily tested in any rigorous way. I get to find the gaps, and supply the fixes. It may be that writing C/C++ is the only way to get a more resilient final product out of it.
All project code is MIT licensed. Adafruit library code is present as a convenience, but it retains its own license(s), refer to the library repositories for more detail:
- https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_CircuitPython_Requests
- https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_CircuitPython_HTTPServer
- https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_CircuitPython_Wiznet5k
This repository contains a reproduction of a single page of a manual, presumed to be under copyright by SHARP ELECTRONICS CORPORATION. I assert fair use for including it.
My diagrams use images of the products represented, those assets are presumably under copyright of their respective owners, but I again assert fair use for including them.